Working in International Teams Essay - 3417 Words

[pic] BUSINESS COMMUNICATION WORKING IN INTERNATIONAL TEAMS Submitted by: Suad Ali – 1136116 Paramjeet Kaur Dhatt – 1133967 Andy Rankine - 0410391 Shahid Ur Rahman – 1035956 Vipinlal Velayudhan – 1133613 Harun Mahendran – 1134696 Submitted to: Leszek Wypych 25th April 2012 Content 1. Executive Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 2. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 3. Findings†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...5 1. Team building†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 1. The international team†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 2. Effectiveness of the team work†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 2. Leadership†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.6 3. Motivation in intercultural teams†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...7 1. Practices and theories of†¦show more content†¦Differences like these can easily cause miscommunication and misunderstanding between the members in the international team. Working in an international team is a difficult initiative because there are often cultural crashes, which can be explained by the fact that the members of the team are representatives of different by nature cultures and it takes time for each person to understand the other one, to change some of his values and habits, to improve his skills by learning new things of his colleagues. 3.1.2. Effectiveness of the teamwork There are some steps, which need to be followed in process of building a successful team. First of all the members of the team should get to know each other, it is important they start gaining knowledge of other member’s cultures so that they can interpret their words and behavior more correctly. The leader of the team should clearly enunciate his expectations for the team’s performance. Each team member needs to know the reason he is a part of the team, he needs to realize his importance to achieving team’s common goals and to feel committed to the team. Organization takes a key place in team building process – the team should define its strategy to complete the work in the best possible way and in term, discuss its tasks and aims. In order the team to be successful, the roles should be carefully distributed: each member has to know whatShow MoreRelatedChallenges Of Global Project Management1629 Words   |  7 Pagesfield. 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A Sad Love Story Free Essays

A sad Love Story.. A boy proposed his girlfriend for marriage, Girl: Tell me. We will write a custom essay sample on A Sad Love Story or any similar topic only for you Order Now . Who do you love most in this world? Boy: You, of course ! Girl: What am I to you? Boy: The boy thought for a moment and looked intently in her eyes and said â€Å"u r missing part of my heart † She smiled, and she accepted his proposal. ::  ¦ ::  ¦ : :  ¦ ::  ¦ ::  ¦ ::  ¦ After their wedding , the couple had a sweet and happy life for a while . However ,the youthful couple began to drift apart due to the busy schedule of life and the never-ending worries of aily problems and soon after their life became difficult . ::  ¦ ::  ¦ : :  ¦ ::  ¦ ::  ¦ ::  ¦ ::  ¦::  ¦ : : All the challenges posed by the harsh realities of life began to drift away their dreams and love for each other . .. The couple began to have more quarrels and each quarrel became make their relation more worst. One day , after the quarrel , the girl ran out of the house.. .. At the opposite side of the road , she shouted,† You don’ t love me †¦ !† The boy hated her childishness and out of impulse, said ,†May be, it was a mistake for us to e together ..! You were never da missing part of my  ¦ †¦ !† Suddenly, she turned quiet and stood there for a long while .. .. He regretted what he said but wordsspoken cant be taken back. With tears in her eyes, she went home to pack her things and Before leaving the house,she left a note for him: â€Å"If I ‘m really not da missing part of ur  ¦, let me go.. n search for sum 1 whu is. .. It is less painful thisway†¦ let us go on our separate ways and search for our own partners .. .† ::  ¦ ::  ¦ : :  ¦ ::  ¦ ::  ¦ ::  ¦ ::  ¦::  ¦ : : Five years went by. .. He never remarried but he had tried to find out about her life indirectly .. †¦ . She had left the country and was living her dreams. He use to regret on what he did but never tried to bring her back. . In the dark and lonely night , he lit his cigarette and felt the lingering ache in his heart. He couldn’ t bring himself to admit that he was missing her . †¦. One day , they finally met†¦ . At the airport , He was going away on a business trip . He saw her, She was standing there alone, with just the security door separating them. She smiled at him gently . Boy: How are you ? Girl: I’ m fine. How about you.. . Have you found your heart ‘ s missing part.. .? Boy: No . Girl: I’ ll be flying to New York in the next flight . Boy: I ‘ll be back in 2 weeks time . Give me a call when you are back †¦ You know my number †¦ . Nothing has changed . With a smile , she turned around and waved good- bye .. â€Å"Good-bye . . . † Same evening he heard of a plane crash which was headed to New York . He tried to know about her and found that,She died . Midnight. †¦ Once again , he lit his cigarette. †¦ . And like before, he felt the lingering ache in his heart. †¦ He finally knew , she was that missing part that he had carelessly broken . . . Sometimes, people say things out of moments of fury†¦ .. We take outour 99% frustrations at our loved ones. †¦ And even though we knowthat we ought to†think twice and act wisely†, we actually dont do it. Thing s happen each day , many of which are beyond our control . Try not to hurt ur loved once, bcz amoment of anger cud b a lifetym punishment †¦ u How to cite A Sad Love Story, Papers

shakespeare coriolanus quote summary Essay Example For Students

shakespeare coriolanus quote summary Essay Shakespeare Coriolanus Journal 1I sin in envying his nobility;And were I any thing but what I am,I would wish me only he. AufidisAct 1 sc. 1 page 230I think this quote describes the love of Coriolanus. Coriolanus longs to encounter Aufidius man-to-man. Aufidius, on his end, welcomes Coriolanus to his side He goes so far as to say that his passion for Coriolanus is as great as his love for the maid I married. Whether Aufidius loves Coriolanus in this passionate sense is problematical. But that Coriolanus loves Aufidius is beyond question. I dont like this play. There are too many homosexual connotations. I had no idea that Shakespeare was like this. For you, the city, thus I turn my back:Act 3 sc. 3 page 134What Coriolanus tries to do is to sever himself off from politics as a normal person. In the ending scene of the play, Coriolanus tells the senators and tries to disgrace them as much as possible.. Therein, however, lies the source of his demise. I think Coriolanus has a lot of mental problems, which unwind during the play. I do not like this play nearly as much as Othello!!!!Hail lords, I am returned No more infected with my countrys loveAct 5 sc. 6 page 71When Coriolanus is disgraced by the political system he shows a lot of aggression toward authority. If I were Corialanus I would also be angry. The political people in this book are very self centered. He seems to hate his mother country. Most dangerously have you with him prevailed,If not most mortal to him. CoriolanusAct 5 sc. 3 page 186Coriolanus seems rather arrogant in this quote. Coriolanus should have turned his back on Rome when he had the chance. This quote to me shows. This quote has an underlining sexual correlation to Volumnia. Volumnia emits the Freudian theory of the Oedipus Complex which she makes sexual connotations to he son. I think

Women Did Not Have An Easy Life During The American Colonial Period. B

Women did not have an easy life during the American Colonial period. Before a woman reached 25 years of age, she was expected to be married with at least one child. Most, if not all, domestic tasks were performed by women, and most domestic goods and food were prepared and created by women. Women performed these tasks without having any legal acknowledgment. Although women had to endure many hardships, their legal and personal lives were becoming less restricted, although the change was occurring at a snail's pace. Life for the colonial woman was a mix of imprisonment and freedom in their marriages, homes, and in the American Colonial legal system. Women who chose to come to the American Colonies had a 100 percent chance of finding a husband. Women outnumbered men almost six to one. Any woman could be choosy when finding a husband, for countless men tried to woo her into marriage. Because women could choose their husbands, they could marry those men who would give her the most benefits. A woman did not have to marry a man who would treat her poorly. In most New England colonies, a woman could sue her husband for a divorce if her treated her without respect and abused or neglected her. Although women had the legal privilege to divorce a bad husband, she did not have any legal rights under the law. As soon as she married her husband, she lost all legal existence. For a woman to have any place in the legal system it was better to remain single. Single women, or Feme Sole had more legal rights than a married woman. She could own property, retain control of her earnings, and sign contracts. Feme Sole was a better legal status, but i t was a socially unacceptable status. Unmarried women were looked down upon as being infertile. Women could either marry, have children, and loose all legal rights or remain single, bear no children (or have children out of wedlock), and retain her own independent legal status. A woman had a busy domestic life. A woman played the role of wife, mother, teacher and manager. She had to please her husband, bear and raise children, educate her children, and manage all daily household activities. In the home, the woman was the jack of all trades. Part of the role of the female was to take raw goods, and turn them into useful items, such as food, candles, and clothing. Women had to clean, butcher and prepare all game brought home to the family. A woman was a household factory. Many items in the home were created by women. All clothing was made by spinning, weaving and stitching. All cloth was washed by hand without the aid of any machines. Candles were made at home by weaving a wick and pouring hot wax into a mold. A woman had to be educated enough to teach her sons and daughters the skills of life. Women spent the majority of their time performing daily tasks, but still were able to have leisure activities such as painting, embroidery, and charity work. Women had very few legal rights. In the majority of colonies, women had no legal control over their lives. It was the consensus among society that a female was best represented by her father, brothers, and husbands. A woman could only own property if there was no men in her private life. If she was married, a woman's husband held claim over her property due to the Feme Covert laws. Single women had more legal rights, but were looked down upon by society. Widowhood offered the opportunities of the single woman to a once married woman. The widow was able to take over her husband's business, trade and property. Many widows ran farms and plantations, became shopkeepers, merchants, blacksmiths and tavern owners. Some women ran schools within her home. Other women were paid money to quarter prisoners in their homes. Married women's rights were legally limited, but her rights in the home depended on her husband. Women were treated as property, and her husband's attitude on his wife's role i n the home decided her rights. A man who believed women were separate (but equal) to men

Gregory of Rimini essays

Gregory of Rimini essays Gregory of Rimini was a man against the world. He kicked the pants off Mr. Peter Auriol , Venerable Inceptor and Aristotle. He then proceeded to wash them clean of their crazy Pelagian ideas and hung them up to dry. He did this with the influence of St. Augustine and the twist of his own lemony flavor. His writings were extremely clear for that time in history and amazingly profound that is why he is such an important character in the Protestant Reformation. Because Gregorys writings are so vast I want to focus on only a few, such as the foreknowledge of God and contingency of the world, predestination, and cognition. Gregorys arguments on Foreknowledge and Contingency was directed mostly to Peter Auriol and then to Oxford theologians. The argument of foreknowledge, in order for Auriol to preserve the contingency of consequences due to human free will, he declared that the future contingencies are neither true nor false, but neutral. Hence God does not know if (insert your name) will pass because (insert your name) will pass is neither true nor false. Auriol contradicts himself by say that God does know the future but how he knows is too complex for humans to understand. Gregory noticed that most of Auriol theory came from Aristotles theory of future contingencies. [This] is apparently a friendly excuse, but in the truth it is more of an accusation, because the fact that absurdities ensue [from this position] does not convince us that [Aristotle] did not think that, but convinces us that he ought not to have thought that... Moreover, some modern theologians [i.e. Auriol], great teachers, said that the conclusion [denying determinate truth to future contingent propositions] not only was the Philosophers intention, but also that it is very true and even demonstrated... Auriol was correct that the Principle of Bivalence when related to the future contingencies was denied by Aristotl...

9 Great Mark Twain Quotes on Travel, Writing, and Life

9 Great Mark Twain Quotes on Travel, Writing, and Life SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Mark Twain has been a household name since the nineteenth century. Known for the bestselling adventures of Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer, Twain has also gained popularity for the pithy words of wisdom he shared. Mark Twain's Biography Mark Twain grew up in the town of Hannibal, Missouri, which was the setting of both Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer. Before he became a renowned author, Twain was an apprentice to a printer, then went on to be a typesetter for a newspaper company owned by Orion Clemens, his older brother. Twain attributed his later success in journalism and writing to his experiences working in mines and on riverboats. Christened by William Faulkner as â€Å"the father of American literature,† Twain authored some of the most popular works in American history, including A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, and more. 9 Great Mark Twain Quotes Mark Twain was known for his quotes about life, honesty, racism, productivity, and more. Here are some of the best Mark Twain quotes about life. Mark Twain Quotes About Honesty "If you tell the truth, you don't have to remember anything." â€Å"Mark Twain's Notebook" edited by Albert Paine. According to Mark Twain's quote on honesty, telling the truth saves you from the stress of having to remember the lives you’ve told. Life is easier, the air feels fresher, and stress melts away if you live your life simply and honestly. Mark Twain Quotes About Conflict "Whenever you find that you are on the side of the majority, it is time to pause and reflect." "Mark Twain's Notebook" edited by Albert Paine. In this quote, Mark Twain examines the value in swimming against the current. According to Twain, people that refuse to conform with the crowd become leaders, while others are followers. The quote asks the reader to consider: why stay with the crowd? What can be gained? What can be lost? Mark Twain Quotes About Conformity "Loyalty to petrified opinions never yet broke a chain or freed a human soul in this world - and never will." "Bite-Size Twain" by Mark Twain Like the previous quote, this quote highlights the futility of staying loyal to a thought or opinion that doesn't make sense. In fact, Twain goes so far as to say that sticking to ideas held in the past actively prevents progress. Mark Twain Quotes About Imagination "You can't depend on your eyes when your imagination is out of focus." "A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court" by Mark Twain This quote highlights the idea that your eyes are fallible: they’ll see what they want to see. If you want to see something, you’ll see it, even if it’s not already there. Mark Twain Quotes About Popularity "The best of us would rather be popular than right." "No. 44, the Mysterious Stranger" By Mark Twain This Mark Twain quote calls out one of humanity’s biggest faults: most of us would rather be beloved than correct. That desire for acceptance and appreciation drives us more than anything else. Mark Twain Quotes About Prejudice "I have no race prejudices nor caste prejudices nor creed prejudices. All I care to know is that a man is a human being, and that is enough for me; he can't be any worse." "Concerning the Jews" by Mark Twain This quote by Mark Twain highlights the writer’s view of prejudice. Twain indicates that all he cares about is whether or not someone is a human being. Nothing else matters. Mark Twain Quotes About Temptation "To promise not to do a thing is the surest way in the world to make a body want to go and do that very thing." "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" by Mark Twain This quote highlights a well-known conundrum: nothing makes you want to do something like being told you can’t do it. Mark Twain Quotes About Productivity "I must have a prodigious quantity of mind; it takes me as much as a week sometimes to make it up." "The Innocents Abroad" By Mark Twain Here, Twain highlights his tendency towards procrastination. He’s not the only one who avoids decision-making! Mark Twain Quotes About Travel "Travel is fatal to prejudice, bigotry, and narrow-mindedness, and many of our people need it sorely on these accounts. Broad, wholesome, charitable views of men and things cannot be acquired by vegetating in one little corner of the earth all one's lifetime." "The Innocents Abroad" By Mark Twain According to Twain, travel is the antidote for prejudice. When you see the world, you can’t help but open your eyes to different kinds of people. â€Å"It liberates the vandal to travel - you never saw a bigoted, opinionated, stubborn, narrow-minded, self-conceited, almighty mean man in your life but he had stuck in one place since he was born and thought God made the world and dyspepsia and bile for his especial comfort and satisfaction.† â€Å"The Wit and Wisdom of Mark Twain† by Mark Twain This quote follows a similar train of thought as the previous quote: travel helps people learn about and appreciate other peoples and cultures. Mark Twain Didn’t Say That There are plenty of quotes attributed to Mark Twain. There are also plenty of quotes inaccurately attributed to Mark Twain. Here are some of our favorite quotes that Mark Twain didn’t say: â€Å"If I had more time, I would have written a shorter letter.† â€Å"The secret of getting ahead is getting started.† "Be careful about reading health books. You may die of a misprint.† â€Å"Twenty years from now you will be more disappointed by the things you didn’t do than by the ones you did do.† â€Å"Never put off until tomorrow what you can do the day after tomorrow.† Mark Twain Quotes: Final Thoughts As a famed writer, it’s not surprising that so many of Mark Twain’s sayings have made it to present day. Did we include your favorites? Let us know in the comments. What's Next? Not sure what literary devices are or how to use them? Here are some in-depth posts on imagery, assonance, point of view, and personification that define these important terms and show you how to find them in literature. Learning to interpret poetry? Luckily, we have great resources for you! Check out this post that walks you through a complete analysis of the poem â€Å"Do not go gentle into that good night.† Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Hayley Milliman About the Author Hayley Milliman is a former teacher turned writer who blogs about education, history, and technology. When she was a teacher, Hayley's students regularly scored in the 99th percentile thanks to her passion for making topics digestible and accessible. In addition to her work for PrepScholar, Hayley is the author of Museum Hack's Guide to History's Fiercest Females. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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Not all Women experience oppression in a uniform way Research Paper

Not all Women experience oppression in a uniform way - Research Paper Example xperience, there is evidence that colored women have experienced the severest form of discrimination in countries such as Canada, and the White women are treated far much better. The history of gender disparities is historical and has punctuated the history of the world. Men have consistently resisted the struggle of women to take up senior positions within the community, and there is evidence that different societies have resisted differently. From this perspective, it is clear that different women have experienced oppression in different proportion and that men have been behind this ordeal. The idea that women are the enemies of their empowerment is acceptable to some extent but only contributes to a small proportion of the problems that women have encountered. Conventional politicians criticize the politics of sisterhood on different relative grounds. They argue that by encouraging women to identify their lives as shaped by patriarchal oppression, feminism has produced images of women being victims outside the forces which have consequently denied their critical involvement in most decision-making processes. Bacak (164) believes that by assimilating the differences between women into a sisterhood of common, shared experiences, power relations between women are under-theorized. Both limited and distorted analyzes of gender are in play. Convincingly, it is notable that contemporary feminists criticize the second wave of politics that promote women as victims (Crenwshaw, 2). The critique, in this case, frustrates the perceived inability of second wave feminists to explore and celebrate womens agency instead of presenting women entirely as victims of masculine prejudice. The critique stresses that women shared status as victims’ acts as a key rhetorical role in generating believes of unity and sisterhood. Nonetheless, Kirkland (89) notes a second wave of feminist driven ideology encourages a gender power relation predominantly altering the difference between men

Motivation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Motivation - Essay Example Needs are the basis for the drives which is in turn seeking the attainment of certain set of incentives. A physiological or a psychological imbalance in a human leads to the creation of need for something. For e.g. need for water when a person is thirsty. However, a psychological need can also arise without any known deficiency as well as imbalance. For e.g. a person having a strong need for progress may move from success to success. Similarly in the case, employees of the cafe had certain needs which make them derive to achieve an incentive. However, with no interactions from the owners and no further incentive employees are highly de-motivated. Drivers or motives prompt individuals to attain their goals and satisfy their needs. A physiological drive is a condition which causes a person to work in a particular direction. Both physiological and psychological drives push an individual towards achieving a certain goal or accomplishing a certain task. For e.g. need for food and water is transformed into the drives of hunger and thirst. Anything that can motivate a need and decrease the intensity of drive is called an incentive. When a person obtains the incentive, the strength of the drive is reduced and physiological or psychological balance is restored. The owners of the cafe do not understand individualized problem of their employees. This is the root cause of all the motivational problems at the cafe. For e.g. in the case study it can be seen that the owner Simon had employed his own younger sister Penny Philips in the cafe. She had just completed her French Degree and wants to travel for finding a job as a translator. Now even her problems are not addressed by the owners even though one of them is her brother. This is the level of negligence that had been given to the cafe by Simon and Karen. Another reason for de-motivation of employees in the cafe is that by working they are just fulfilling their Physiological needs and there any other need is not being ful filled. The theory of hierarchy of needs by Maslow is often displayed in the form of pyramid. The most basic needs are shown at the lowest level of the pyramid whereas comparatively complex needs have been located at the top of pyramid. Needs that are at the bottom of pyramid are classified as basic physical requirements which include the need of water, sleep, food and warmth. As long as the needs of lower level are not met, the hierarchy does not move to the higher level, and once there lower level needs are met, people tend to move towards the next level in the needs hierarchy, which are known for safety and security. Humans have the common need to be respected and having self-esteem as well as self respect. This need is also known as belonging need. The esteem of a human presents his normal human desire that needs to be accepted as well as valued by others. Different people have need of engaging themselves for gaining recognition and having an activity or set of activities that g ives the person a near sense of contribution, of feeling accepted as well as self-valued, both in a profession and hobby. Now in the cafe these needs of employees are not being fulfilled which is acting as a de-motivating factor for them. Part 2 The owners will have to motivate its employees to stay in the job including finding a replacement for Penny. Simon and Karen needs to make this cafe a learning organization for its employees. Organizations constantly endeavor to make

Existentialism Is a Humanism Essay Example for Free

Existentialism Is a Humanism Essay Sartre is trying to defend existentialism against some disapproval to it. The Communist criticized existentialism as an invitation to people to take interest in hopeless world affairs. On the other hand, Christians reproached from the fact that people deny the need of attention in human affairs. People have the will to do anything they want and wish. With the example given, about ignoring the Ten Commandments, we can people deny the value of following the commandments and will only follow it if they wish. THE MEANING OF EXISTENTIALISM. According to Sartre, existentialism is a principle that provides human life possible. It also determines that every truth and action we know involves both an environmental and a human subjectivity. The two types of existentialist are the Christians and Existential Atheists. What they have in common is that they both believe in â€Å"existence comes before essence†, which means that a human has no predetermined essence or nature. â€Å"Man is nothing else but that which he makes of himself. † If a man cannot define himself, then he is bound to happen that he is nothing. The paper-knife example talks about how an artisan conceptualized an object, how he paid close attention to it and knew what the purpose of the object would be. The paper-knife is existentially different from human because for Existential Atheists, which Sartre is included, man defines himself and not the creator that conceived him. RESPONSIBILITY An implication given in the lecture is how a being would be able to existence would come before its essence even if God does not exist. Sartre mentioned that there is no human nature because we define ourselves and not by any force that lives inside us. By Sartre saying that â€Å"in choosing for himself, he chooses for all men†, he means that when humans make decisions, it affirms that value of which he had chosen. The choices we consider are always the better, and nothing can be better for us unless it is better for all. When a human chooses to do something for himself, like marrying and have children, he is still creating and contributing an image for the whole the whole mankind. ANGUISH Existentialist frankly state that man is in anguish because he only decides for himself, not realizing that the whole mankind is resting upon his shoulders. When we are in verge of act, we should ask ourselves â€Å"What would happen if everyone did so? † In asking this, we would be able to fully re-evaluate the actions or decisions we’re about to do. In the story of Abraham and the hallucinating women, we are taught on how to ask ourselves with that question. It is not enough to do an act with merely hearing the command. We should prove to ourselves that what we are about to follow would be reasonable and just. ABANDONMENT Sartre said that if God did not to exist, nothing would really change. He believed that we would still have the same progress that we have now. But for the existentialist, they would be embarrassed because it disappears with God the possibility of finding values in an intelligible heaven. For Dostoevksy, if God did not exist, everything will be permitted. He said that human would be free from doing anything they wish. One will be never to be able to explain one’s action because he doesn’t have anything to refer to. On the other hand, he proposes that if God does not exist there wouldn’t be values or commands that will legitimize our behavior. Existentialists believe in the power of passion. They believe that man is responsible for his passion, not some drive that is hidden inside a man. The story of the student teaches us that we should trust our instinct. With his dilemma, whether to join the Forces or to stay with him mom, he based his decision on what he felt. Because he had been living with his mother, the value of feeling to be always by her side is developed. Thus, he chose not to live his mother. In addition, the Jesuit’s story tells us that through our decisions and action, we are bound to choose our own path and bear the entire responsibility. DESPAIR According to Sartre, the definition of despair is that â€Å"we limit ourselves to a reliance upon which is within our will, or within the sum of the probabilities which render our action feasible. † I think the reason why Sartre thought that when Descartes said, â€Å"Conquer yourself rather than the world,† what he meant was â€Å"we should act without hope† is because both statements are saying that we should be in control of ourselves. The Marxists believe that you can rely upon the help of others. That even when you die, other will still continue what you did and help. While Sartre’s argument is that he cannot fully trust those people he doesn’t know. Yes, he can entrust his works and life with his comrades and family, but not to strangers. Does that mean that I should abandon myself to quietism? NO. What we should do is to commit ourselves then act the commitment made. Sartre stated that man is nothing else than what he proposes. Because he hasn’t found anything yet he seeks, he continues to living until the day he found it. â€Å"You are nothing else but what you live†, this means that â€Å"a man is no other than a series of undertaking, that he is the sum, the organization, the set of relations that constitute these undertaking. † Behaviors of the people are caused by the actions happening in their environment upon them. The implication given was how a coward became a coward, and a hero became a hero. Being a coward is the act of giving up. How sternness of optimism here is seen on how a man can make himself a coward or hero, through his action and thinking. In the end, what counts is that â€Å"the destiny of man is placed within himself. † There wouldn’t be any hope or changes unless he starts doing something. SUBJECTIVITY What Sartre and Descartes both agree on is that truth must first have an absolute truth. If not, it will crumble into nothing. Sartre thinks that the theory alone is incompatible with the dignity of man because â€Å"it is the only one which does not make man into an object. † Their main aim of that view is to distinguish the human kingdom as pattern of values to that of the material world. THE OTHER Sartre believes that when we are trying to think to discover ourselves, we are to discover everything from others. To recognize oneself is to be recognize by other people. With â€Å"I cannot obtain any truth whatsoever about myself, except through the mediation of another†, Sartre is saying that we need other to seek the truth that we are trying to find. That being an individual is not enough to find the truth and identity. INTER-SUBJECTIVITY We should understand that â€Å"all the limitations which a priori define man’s fundamental situation in the universe. † The historical situation of every man is different from what they experienced. Human condition is saying that from having freedom, we are also entitled to take full responsibility of it. I think it is possible to understand and value something about all people because there is still universality, which mean that in somehow we can still understand things outside ourselves. BAD FAITH One of the implications are â€Å"every man realizes himself in realizing a type of humanity†, meaning that if a man decides to classify himself, he would be able to realizes himself. There is no difference between free being and absolute being. Lying to yourself by saying that it doesn’t matter to you is a bad faith. It is wrong to say that what you choose doesn’t matter to you. People can always choose, but in not choosing is still a choice. â€Å"†¦without reference to any pre-established value, but it is unjust to tax him with caprice. † I do agree what he is trying to say here. Because he has no knowledge of a pre-established value, there is no sudden change in his choice. When Sartre that we make ourselves, what he meant is that through our actions and decisions we are forming our identity. FREEDOM In saying â€Å"You are unable to judge others†, it is true in one sense and false in the other. Whenever a man chooses his decisions and purpose, it is now impossible to choose another one. It is true in the sense that we do not believe in progress. The goal of freedom is to judge the logical value and not a judgment of value. They also search for the real meaning of freedom. How can the existentialists form judgment? By saying that he deceives himself and by doing that you are having good faith. â€Å"One can choose anything, but only if it is upon the plane of free commitment. † With this, we can conclude that selecting choices involving the commitment of oneself. INVENTION OF VALUES His response is an analogy, â€Å"if I have excluded God the Father, there must be somebody to invent values. † He disagrees on the kind of humanism that takes man as an end. He says so because man is still to be determined and should be considered as an end. What he meant by â€Å"Transcendence† is a man’s relation to his world and that of the people around him. Because man wants to surpass what he has done, he is in the center of his transcendence. A man can realize himself as truly human when he decides for himself, always seek truth and beyond himself and having an aim of some particular realization. CONCLUSION From his point of view, even if God did not exist, it would make no difference. Because for existentialists the real problem is how man will be able to find himself to in order to save himself, by not giving full reliance of God’s existence. Existentialism is a doctrine of action in a way that they confine their own despair with existentialists that Christians can describe them as without hope.

A Life Worth Living in Kurt Vonneguts Slaughterhouse-Five :: Slaughterhouse-Five Essays

A Life Worth Living in Kurt Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse-Five Kurt Vonnegut (1922- ) is an author with a unique perspective on life. He sees in a vivid technicolor things in this world that the rest of humanity may only see in black and white. By the same token he sees life as a rather dark subject, it's the ultimate joke at our expense (Lundquist 1). His life experience has been one of hardship. His mother committed suicide in 1942. Two years later he was captured by Nazis in World War II's epic Battle of the Bulge. In 1943 he survived the massively destructive fire-bombing of Dresden, Germany. He returned with the distinguished Purple Heart. In 1958 his sister and brother-in-law died, leaving him to raise their children, along with his own (Campbell 2). Despite these hardships, however, to Vonnegut life is still worth living. It shows through in his novels. Vonnegut utilizes black humor and irony to show many recurring themes noted in his works which are we, as a race, must learn to keep happy illusions over evil ones and that a soothing lie is sometimes the best truth (Lundquist 1). To say that Vonnegut feels life is worth living despite the horrors of the world is to say that Vonnegut really longs for the life of his childhood. It was a life of family and good, Midwestern upbringing. Wholesome morals like self-respect and pacifism were fed to him along with other staples of the Midwest. America was an idealistic, pacifistic nation at the time. I was taught in the sixth grade to be proud that we had a standing army of just over a hundred thousand men and that generals had nothing to say about what was done in Washington. I was taught to be proud of that and to pity

Mister

Of Bunt is practiced and why it is of benefit to the community. You may also mention the challenges to Bunt in this modern era. ‘Bunt is an African word for a universal concept. Bunt is the potential for being human, to value the good of the community above self interest. Bunt is to strive to help people in the spirit of service, to show respect to others and to be honest and trustworthy, are the words of Kevin Chaplin.Moreover, Bunt is second nature to us Africans, hence the fact that a number of us have not heard of it but practice it. In addition, the Mama community found in Iambi can be thought of as a perfect example of Bunt practitioners. Firstly, when looking at a typical settlement inhibited by the Mama people it would come across to you that they are one big family but most of them are not related through blood ties, which contradicts the observation of how they live together.In continuance, adults consider the children of their neighbors as their own as they let them eat and drink in the same plates and ups with their children and this simple and kind gesture teaches all the children the value of sharing which is one of the fundamental outlined in the concept of Bunt. Furthermore, these children grow up to be positive additions to the community and the nation.Dry Johann Broody at a conference said†My neighbor's sorrow Is my sorrow' (2006), which is another key concept when dealing with Bunt, as sorrow Is an obstacle which everyone has to go through and It usually comes In the form of death, Illness or other hurtful events. And when neighbors are struck by sorrow, the members of the community would never live those Individuals to mourn In solitude, they would mourn and weep with them as they are also touched by what has effected their neighbor. Moreover, this act signifies unity and the bond among the community members solidifies.On the other hand, Joy Is also shared because happiness Is only true once It Is shared with others and smiling a nd laughing about certain matters Is also another mall point of Bunt and that decreases tension teen Individuals which In turn means that there will be less violence. â€Å"To be Inhumane Is to be Like an animal† (Broody, 2006), humanness Is the very essence of Bunt and the manner In which one greets another Is a very delicate matter when It comes to the Mama people as one should greet others heartily and enquire In depth and the greatest detail about the other person's well being before anything else Is said or done.In addition, It Is also a sign of respect which Is very Important In a immunity and the Interest shown In the others life also strengthens the bond the community members have. Lastly, the thought of being helped out by another person In the light of today Is frowned upon because It Is considered as If you one Is lazy or parasitic. Moreover, the world thrives more on competition among people more than It did 20 years ago and sharing Ideas and resources does not ex ist anymore. Virtually, Bunt Is a beautiful concept of lifestyle, so much so that businesses have adopted It but In the modern era It Is considered more of a cliche than It Is a Mister The origin of the expression â€Å"Ladles First† has a very strange story, that as most people says. The story states that In eighteenth century In Italy, there was a son of a king falling in love with a very poor girl from the people of the kingdom. He faced a huge rejection from his kingdom family. The worst thing he ever faced Is the true love they had between. For the love they shared the son of the king and the poor girl they TLD want anything to destroy their love except death, so they decided to die gather.For that they decided to Jump over the edge from a very high climb. They went to the climb, the poor girl wanted to Jump first, but the son of the king can't handle to see her Jump from there. So he decided to Jump first, after he Jumped the poor girl couldn't handle the scene, so she changed her mind and decided not to lump. The poor girl came back to the village and married a poor guy same as her. This story shows that the women betrayal can't be compared to anythin g else. The girl betrayal her love for not dying; since that time the expression used as extend omen for making sure the woman will never betrayal the rest.After a while different meaning came upon â€Å"Ladies First† expression. Later on the expression had been used as a manner of a gentleman to show the morality of humanity from gentleman to ladies. This manner had been used as making the lady at first because as it known ladies are the spirit of this life, or as I can say it. In my opinion this expression are being used a lot when love is there, also when there is a specific business between a business man and a businesswoman as respect.The manners of immunity shows to us how we are human, it is always came by the heart with the use of mind. We respect each other for the difference in age, gender, cleverness, and a lot. The point of the use of â€Å"Ladies First† expression in respect is to make ladies ahead of us all the time recognition of her gender. Women are mo re sensitive and they always full of emotions. Men can't control her emotions and feelings, so we always prefer to make her the best out of the emotions and feelings she has that men doesn't have. The reality of emotion is controlled by the heart, not the mind.Most of the people can use a very small percentage of their mind to show their feelings and emotions; but at the end what controls the emotions Is the heart. Let's start over and let us see why we are discussing about the emotion while our mall point Is the expression â€Å"Ladles First† The reason behind that man has emotions over women, and that emotion goes to show our respect and our feeling upon that women. When men want to show that, they use the expression Ladles First to hide their Maximum. [email  protected] Com happiness of their real emotion from the woman. Mister Brazil It is almost impossible to consider any part of the Brazilian culture without considering Christianity. It Is the dominant religion of Brazil and reflects every aspect of Brazilian way of life: Beliefs, Politics, Economy, National Holidays, Medal reports, festive and community In general. In this essay I will try to focus on the lesser-known aspects and facts of Christianity embedded In the Brazilian culture. Brazil has a population of over 200 million habitants and one of the largest numbers of Catholics in the world .In 1970, 90% of Brazilian consider themselves Catholic but in 2010 his number has reduced to 65%2. The decreased of members of the Roman Catholic Church has been caused by the increase of Neo-Pentecostal churches and Afro- Brazilian religions. The greatest shift has been to evangelical Protestantism which now represents over 22% of the population. Brazil has many versions of Protestantism, most common are: the Fundamentalists, Baptists, Presbyterian and Methodis ts.Marx – Beliefs – Politics – Economics If we compare the decline of Catholicism and economic transformation of Brazilian society, we could reaffirm the work of Max Weeper's In the book â€Å"The Protestant Work Ethic and the Split of Capitalism. In the sass's the vast majority of Brazilian where Catholic, the economy was weak and the working class population were mainly agrarian. With the evolution of society into industrialized, second millennium, the number of protestant have increased, the economy improved a level that has become a world leader.According to Weber, it is much more than just a change of production processes, but also, a change in mentality. This change from Catholicism to Protestantism is â€Å"expressed socially with civic model and self-governance†4, taken lace with economic stability; people take their lives into their own hands and to an extent free themselves from the central government economy and society. Geographic similaritie s with Weeper's European analysis where it is true to say, the major concentration of Catholics are in the poorest are warmest-sunnier part while the Protestant are established In the Southern (cooler-climate) part of the country.The Power of the Catholic Church remain very strong Into Brazilian legislation. Examples can be seen in issues regarding abortion: Weeper's religion-shift is affirmed by the Brazilian political scenario. From 1964 to 1 985 (perhaps when the Catholicism was at its peak), the Brazilian government was ruled by an authoritarian military dictatorships. Political parties such as The Christian Democratic Party (PDP) were banned by the military regime and it was re-created shortly after the fall of the military regimen. In Weeper's view; people want to be involved in politics.Coincidently, today with larger number of Protestants, Brazilian political system is done via a rather democratic voting system; with elections held every 4 years and vote is impulsion for all citizens between 18 and 70 years old. Heroes' plays Important parts of Brazilian Christianity with 57% followers believing In saints. The most popular Include pilgrimages to the National Shrine of Our Lady of Senora Appareled where 26% among Catholics pray for the Intercession. According to the legend, In 1717, three fishermen were having bad luck in catching fish for an important festival lots of fish.Because of that and many other miracles attributed to the image, in 1737 a chapel was built and in 1745 public visits began. In 1930 the statue was proclaimed o be the principal patroness of Brazil. Over the years, the number of worshippers to Lady of Senora Apartheid increased and the chapel received two main enlargements, the latest in 1980 when it was considered the largest Marina temple and the second largest Basilica in the worlds. In addition to that, in the same year the Brazilian Federal Statute declared a National holiday named as the â€Å"Feast Day of Our Lady Apartheidâ €  to be held in each year in October 12.Another traditional pilgrimage date that attracts about 8 million pilgrims a year to the Chapel is the Brazilian Independence Day, September 7. Others popular Saints are: Saint Anthony, Saint Expedites, Saint George, Saint Jude, Saint Francis of Chassis and Saint Josephus. Rituals = The Catholicism practiced in Brazil is full of popular festivities rooted in centuries-old Portuguese traditions. Popular traditions include Christmas, Easter Sunday, Good Friday and â€Å"Fests Jungian† Noun Festival). â€Å"Fests Jungian† is a Catholic feast celebrated in the name of Saint Anthony, Saint John the Baptist, and Saint Peter.The festivities are extremely popular in all urban areas and among all social classes ND lasts around two weeks in Jejunely. In many parts of the country, they are as popular as Carnival; and like Carnival, these festivities involve costume-wearing, dancing, drinking, and visual spectacles. June festival is an i mportant Brazilian festival because the retail, commerce and non-governmental (Nags) industry; shops, bars, restaurants, churches and charities develop marketing plans promoting their parties and events. Churches and No's proceeds are usually redirected to local, most-needed members of community.Values = In business, Brazilian tend to ‘deal' tit individuals, not companies. Brazilian businessmen will usually get to know one another before committing to long-term business dealings. Therefore, you will need to establish a trusting relationship with them if you wish to gain their business. It is important that you do not try to rush them into making decisions or forming relationships 2. Manicures for women and formal dress for both sexes are expected within corporate situations Socially, Brazilian are usually rather affectionate, tactile people. Men shake hands with one another, while women will kiss each other's' weeks in greeting.One of the Catholic-Christian-based and culture- representative- values is repeatedly yearly during the world largest and most famous Brazilian Carnival. The annual festive is held officially over four-day period prior to â€Å"Ash Wednesday' marking the forty-day erred before Easter. Carnival themes range from religious, political and economic commentaries. Carnival can be consider a way that the mass-population can express (demonstrate their views) in a sarcastic, without fear of political fear of retaliation. In a party mood, meaning and double-meaning assuages is passed â€Å"without notice† of ruling power of politics and church.Wear crucifixes, to have a Christmas tree and Virgin Mary and Christ statues are key symbols that represent the Brazilian dept into Christianity. Christianity has such great impact in the Brazilian values that is the â€Å"Christ of Redeem† in ROI De Jeanine was voted as â€Å"One the Seven Wonders of the World†. The Christ of Redeem is probably one of the most popular symbols ac ross the country. In most cities, the main church (Cathedrals) holds that symbol. For example, the city where I am from, America, with a total height of 23. 80 meters 3. Mister It was marred by several challenges, such as; weak human resource, reports of alleged anti-competitive behavior in form of abuse of the dominant position and poor infrastructure among others thus creating the need for liberation's. The vaporization of this industry broadly aimed at improving the spread and affordability of modern and quality telecommunication services and this was to be achieved by encouraging participation of private investors in the development of the industry, expanding the variety of communication services available in Uganda among others.Currently, liberalizing as led to the establishment of a well-managed industry with new operators. From around 2002, the CIT developments in the country began to improve rapidly, marked by some regulations. There has been increased competition among players which has positively affected the quality of services provided and increased coverage nationwide among others. This has also resulted in reduction in service prices though th ey still among the highest in the whole Africa. Therefore this evaluation will focus on assessing the impact of liberation of the telecommunication industry.For the purpose of this evaluation, the following definitions used; 1. 1 Description of the telecommunications Industry in Uganda A telecommunications service is taken to be the relaying of messages of any form (voice or data) over communication infrastructure between a sender and a receiver. (Uganda Communications Uganda can be categorized into the following; Voice telephony: This comprises local, national (long-distance), and international calls. The two technologies employed in Uganda for providing these services are fixed-line (landlines and fixed-wireless) and mobile cellular (wireless) among others.Fixed-Line; this is further subdivided into two categories as; Landlines services: A landlines network – also referred to as a Public Switched Telephone Network (EST.) – connects all customers through a series of t ransmission and distribution lines. Telephone exchanges move calls throughout the network. Fixed wireless, fixed wireless technologies provide telecommunications service without the use of wires or cable. This includes payphone booths, the predominant fixed wireless service in Uganda.While other versions of this technology including very high frequency Wireless Local Loop and point-to-point microwave arrives, have been successfully deployed in rural areas in several developing countries, they are only recently being adopted in Uganda. Mobile Cellular; this is a combination of wireless voice telephony with mobility. All mobile cellular service in Uganda is based on the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) technology. GSM has become the dominant technology worldwide for digital wireless telecommunications. Con One Research, Inc. N association with SEG 51 Data; data Services in Uganda generally refer to fax, Internet Access and virtual private networks (VPN). More enhanced and data-intensive services such as video- nonfreezing are not commonly available. Fixed line landlines services; consumers with access to landlines voice telephony have narrowed (beginning at speeds of 9. 6 Kbps or 14. 4 Kbps and upwards to 33. 6) data services through dial-up. Fixed wireless; this service requires a stationary terminal at the customer premise connecting to the service provider through airwaves (point-to-point microwave or spread spectrum).Mobile operators in Uganda are using their GSM networks to provide fixed wireless data services in some areas. Narrowed (generally not exceeding 9. 6 Kbps) data services are available in this way. High speed fixed wireless services (64 Kbps and 128 Kbps) are available in Kampala using frequency hopping spread spectrum technologies. This service is being used by operators and their customers to create VPN for large businesses with several offices in Kampala. Mobile Cellular; mobile cellular offerings in data currently include 9. 6 Kb ps or 14. 4 Kbps transmission, mainly for SMS (short messaging service).There has been some Internet access, but speeds are slow. Higher generation mobile cellular data services such as GAPS, EDGE, and G services are not available. Very small aperture terminal (VAST); VAST service sends ND receives data (and voice) transmission to and from satellite earth stations. The satellites are incorporated into global telecommunications networks and provide satellite-based communications to geographically dispersed locations in Uganda and throughout the world. Customers pay for VAST equipment located at their premises and also pay service provider fees. 3. Value Added Services Payphones; these are fixed-line, UN-staffed stations available to the public. They accept either coins or phone cards as payment. In rural areas, they normally appear in trading centers. Phone sharing; this is the service of providing an owned (most often mobile cellular) phone to customers for a fee. It's essentially a very short-term rental service. Because it is often not economical. Particularly in rural areas, for residential users to own phones, this has become a very popular service in Uganda, and has taken on a wide variety of forms.Computer sharing; this is the service of providing computer terminals with access to the Internet. The most popular form is the cyber cafe ©, which often provides not only computers and Internet access, but also additional products and services such as food, fax, entertainment and even computer training. Many cyber cafe ©s have recently emerged in Uganda, mostly in Kampala. FM Radio; this is a form of non-interactive CIT that is particularly important for reaching out to rural residents, particularly those unable to access other services. More than 100 stations have become established in Uganda.Many of these are local language stations based in small urban centers, but with primarily rural coverage, providing a range of information important to the poor suc h as health education, family planning, commodity prices in local markets, civic education, etc. They incorporate an interesting mix of private, immunity, Non-Government Organization and donor sponsors. Television; this is also a form of non-interactive CIT that is used to transmit moving visual media. Televisions are used to view various subscriptions and non- subscription based programming, movies (via an additional media player).Television stations have increased from the one TV- CITY to over ten stations though most of them are operated in urban areas rural areas get good transmission of some them. Solutions and add-ones; this is the service of improving the functionality of core services by assistance, training, problem solving and the layering of additional features onto a ore service (e. G. , dial-up connectivity to an ISP, network security, web and mail hosting, etc. ). This is not yet a big market in Uganda, it is predominantly in urban centers.However; with the liberation' s in Uganda, an operator of such telecommunications services must obtain either one or all of the following service licenses; Public Service Provider (SSP) License, Public Voice and Data License, Capacity Resale License, Public Infrastructure Provider License (PIP) and a General License. And these are provided by the Uganda Communications Commission 1. 2 The Objectives of Impact Evaluation Development Assessment Committee (DACCA-COED, 2001) defines impact evaluation as the positive and negative primary and secondary, long term effects produced by a development intervention.This may be direct or indirect as well as intended or unintended. This should be informed by clear and realistic objectives. Therefore, the objectives of the impact evaluation of the liberation's of the telecommunications industry in Uganda shall be informed by the following objectives. 1. 2. 1 Overall objective of Impact Evaluation The overall objective of the Impact Evaluation (E) of the liberation's of electrif ication industry in Uganda is â€Å"To establish the impact of liberalizing following specific objectives. 1. 2. 2 The Specific Objectives 1 .To assess the impact of liberalizing of the telecommunication sector in Uganda on the expansion of national coverage of communication services and products 2. To establish the impact of liberalizing of the telecommunication industry on the pricing and quality of services provided by the industry in Uganda 3. To establish the effect of liberalizing of the telecommunication industry on direct and indirect funding by government to the sector 4. To assess the effect of liberation of the telecommunication industry on the level of innovation in the industry. . 3 The Hypothesis The following assumptions have been advanced to determine the above objectives. These include; 1 . Liberation of the telecommunication industry has greatly impacted on the expansion of national coverage of communication services and products 2. Liberation of the telecommunica tion industry has had a positive impact on pricing and quality of services provided by the industry in Uganda? 3. Liberation of the telecommunication industry has positively affected direct and indirect budgetary allocation by government to the sector 4.Liberation of the telecommunication industry has to a great extent affected the level of innovation in the industry. 1. 4 The Theory of Change The achievement of the programmer impact will be based on the following theory of change as illustrated in the diagram below. 1. 5 Evaluation Questions: 1 . How has the liberation of the telecommunication sector impacted on the expansion of national coverage of communication services and products? 2. What impact has the liberation of the telecommunication industry had on the pricing ND quality of services provided by the industry in Uganda? . What effect has the liberalizing of the telecommunication industry had on direct and indirect funding by government to the sector? 4. To what extent has liberation of the telecommunication industry affected the level of innovation in the industry? The Logic Model 1 . Percentage coverage of telecommunication infrastructure nationwide 2. Proportion of households with access to telecommunication services 3. Proportion of households with access to uninterrupted connection time and service 4. Proportion of budgetary allocation to the telecommunication industry 5.Percentage of increase in innovation in the telecommunication industry 1. 7 The Evaluation Design and Method The evaluation will adopt both quantitative and qualitative approaches. However, more emphasis will be put on the qualitative approach which provides in-depth and reliable information that will be used to explain quantitative findings. Nevertheless, it has its own shortcomings for example generalization cannot be done using qualitative data. This limitation will be catered for by the quantitative method.With regards to the evaluation design, the evaluation will adopt the n on-experimental sign taking on the longitudinal design in particular which will be carried out after every three years. The non-experimental design also known as descriptive designs was selected because it provides an extensive description of the relationship between an intervention and its effects which will greatly suit the evaluation to be undertaken. In particular, the propensity score matching evaluation method will also be used adopted.This will involve the creation of the best possible artificial comparison groups by matching large data sets and heavy statistical techniques. With this, for each unit in the treatment group and in the pool of non-enrolled units, the probability that a unit will enroll in a program based on observed values will be computed. Once the propensity score is computed then the units in the treatment group will be matched with units in the pool of non-enrollees that have the closest propensity score. The difference in outcome between the treatment or en rolled units and their matched comparison units will produce the estimated impact of the program.The Sampling method/technique With regards to the sampling technique, the evaluation will use both probability and UT the study population and these include; (I) Purposive sampling; this will be used by the evaluator to identify key respondents that have information on the topic being evaluated and this information will be used to enrich the evaluation. Also, Purposive sampling will be used to select 2 districts from each clustered region using population density as the basis where we will select one district from each region with a high population density and one with a low population density.Cluster sampling; using cluster sampling, the evaluator will be able to cluster the area under valuation which is the whole country into 7 regions which are; the central, western, southwestern, Eastern, North Eastern, West Nile, and Northern region. The same sampling method will also be used to clu ster the selected districts into 5 supervision areas. (iii) Lot quality sampling (LOS); the sampling method will be used to cluster the selected districts into 5 supervision areas as recommended by the LOS method where, a sample of 19 households as recommended by LOS will be selected from each of the purposively selected districts.This according to the LOS method gives the highest confidence level. ‘v) Simple random and systematic random sampling; simple random sampling will be used to randomly select the first interview location, thereafter; systematic sampling will be adopted to sample subsequent households that will participate in the survey from the random number table. Sampling procedure Since the study is covering the whole country, the evaluator will cluster the districts into 7 regions. These include the Central, Western, Southwestern, Eastern, North Eastern, West Nile, and Northern region.Multi-stage cluster approach will be adopted and two districts purposively selec ted from each region. In particular, two districts will be selected from each region basing on the population density where districts with the highest and lowest population densities will be purposively selected to determine the level coverage in the two scenarios. Five supervision areas will be identified from each district. This will involve combining parishes to form five supervision areas in case of districts with less or more sub-counties.A total 19 samples will be drawn from each supervision area and samples drawn at parish level. The cumulative population of the district will be divided by the sample number f households (19) as recommended by the LOS method which will give the sample interval. When this is obtained, the obtained sample interval will be used to identify the first household from the random table where a value will be read and used to compare to the listed household list. To then get the subsequent interview or household the evaluator will add the sample interva l to the first identified listed household.The Sample Size For the survey technique, the sample population which are the households will be selected from the 7 regions mentioned above where from each district a total of 95 should will be sampled that is 19 households from each of the 5 clustered supervision areas. In all, a total of 1,330 households will be sampled to participate in the evaluation. 1. 8 Evaluation data collection Methods The evaluation will use both primary and secondary sources. The primary sources will mainly involve field data collection whereas secondary data will be obtained from review of published documents.In particular, the following methods will be used; administered to households that will be systematically selected to participate in the evaluation. Development of the questionnaire will involve all the relevant parties who ill identify important issues to be covered in the evaluation. Key Informant Interviews; this will be done face to face with purposive ly selected respondents that are knowledgeable about the liberalizing of the telecommunication industry. It will provide sufficient descriptive information and will be carried out using a short interview guide.Recording: this will be used to record responses provided by the purposively selected key informants. The recordings will then be transcribed into notes which will be used in the analysis process. Documentation; the evaluator will include data from various published sources or documents. In doing this, the evaluator will first try to verify to ensure that data to be used in the evaluation was properly collected with accuracy Observation; there will be observation made with regards to confirming whether cables have been laid to confirm responses provided like infrastructure in form of for example optic cables, network availability and so on. . 9 Data Processing, Analysis and Reporting For the quantitative approach, this process will involve; organizing data, calculating and int erpreting the data obtained. The evaluator will begin by organizing all questionnaires to check for completeness, accuracy and assign a unique identifier to each questionnaire. The evaluator will then go on to define the correct responses and then code them accordingly.Once this is done, data will be entered in to computer; analyses using the SPAS package and calculations will be made to describe the raw data where measures of central tendency will mainly be used to determine performance of each indicator. The information will then be interpreted and presented using tabulations, maps, pie- charts and so on. For qualitative approach, analysis of evaluation data will begin from the field where arioso observation and analytical insights will be noted and unclear responses clarified.This data will then be safely stored. Once the evaluator leaves the field, the collected data will be read and themes, categories identified and coding done. From this, data will then present in an evaluatio n report which will be disseminated to various stakeholders. 1. 10 Ethical Considerations The process of impact evaluation requires guidance and adherence to ethical standards of the utmost importance. The evaluation team will ensure strict adherence to these standards including. In particular, the following will be observed;

Financial Problems

Having the ability to pay monthly bills can be a challenge for some people. There are can be many solutions to this problem. One should evaluate the monthly bills to determine what is necessary. Consolidating credit debt may help. If all else fails try consulting a financial advisor. These steps are just a few steps that one may take in the steps to financial stability. One step that many find easy is evaluation of bills. Evaluating ones monthly bills could help lower that person’s monthly debt. The debtor should begin by writing down all monthly bills. He or she should evaluate what bills are necessary and which ones are not. Once that person has defined the bills by status, he or she needs to compare what each non necessity items can be removed. For example, if you have a cell phone with unlimited minutes do you need a house phone with all the amenities? If a person has internet access at home does he need mobile access for his laptops? Once the person has answered these questions he should then cancel any unnecessary bills. This person may utilize the internet and comparison shop for monthly rates on things deemed necessary. One may also interview neighbors and relatives to compare their similar service bills. This evaluation process should have great potential to a person with high number of bills. This may not help as much with a person who has a large amount of credit bills. A person with a large amount of credit bills may consider debt consolidation. Debt consolidation would consolidate credit card and finance bills into to one monthly payment. This is a loan so one must look for the best rates. Getting quotes from your bank or credit union should be your first start. Get the quotes in writing and remember to read the fine print. Look for late fees, balloon payments, and early payoff penalties. Also one may research the lending institution on BBB to verify lending practices, and maybe complaints. Networking with friends and family can also be a good source of information. One must remember that there is professional help for financial problems. A person who may have a hard time evaluating bills and may not be comfortable talking to banks may benefit from a financial advisor. A financial advisor is a professional who gives advice and financial planning services to an individual. This person may charge a fee or commission for this service. One may begin searching for an advisor through his bank or credit union. For those persons in financial stress this service is sometime offered for free. The financial advisor would evaluate your monthly income and ask you a series of questions. He or she may also set short term and long term goals for you. This will enable you to see progress clearly. This is just a simple outline of how one may concure financial burdens. This is just a simple outline of how one may conquer financial burdens. If a person can evaluate their own problems they have the majority of the problem solved. Being able to evaluate the problem would also allow a person to know the exact amount of money needed for a debt consolidation. Also knowing that you are not sure about all of your finances can inspire you to seek help from a professional that can help you understand. Understanding is the key no matter what strategy you choose. One must understand exactly what their problem is and also that they have reached a limit. Knowing what their limit is another key to financial recovery. Debt evaluation, debt consolidation, or hiring a financial advisor may be a great help to someone in financial despair.

Ue o Muite Arukou by Kyuu Sakamoto †Sukiyaki Song

Ue o Muite Arukou by Kyuu Sakamoto – Sukiyaki Song Listening or singing a song is a great way to learn a language. With a melody, it is easier to mimic words and sing along even you dont understand the meaning. Here is a great song called, Ue o Muite Arukou by Kyuu Sakamoto released in 1961. The title, Ue o Muite Arukou translates into, I look up when I walk. However, it is known as Sukiyaki in the United States. The title Sukiyaki was chosen because it is easier to pronounce for Americans, and it is a word that they associate with Japan. Sukiyaki is a kind of Japanese stew and has nothing to do with the song. The song topped the pop charts for three weeks in 1963. It is the only Japanese language song to hit #1 in the US. It sold over 13 million copies internationally. According to recent news, the British singer, Susan Boyle, will be covering the song as a bonus track for the Japanese version of her third album. Tragically, Sakamoto was killed when Japan Airlines Flight 123 crashed in 1985. He was 43 years old. All 15 crew and 505 out of 509 passengers died, for a total of 520 deaths and only 4 survivors. It remains the worst single airline disaster in history. Japanese Lyrics Ue o muite arukou ä ¸Å Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¥ â€˜Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¦Ã¦ ­ ©Ã£ â€œÃ£ â€ Namida ga koborenai youni æ ¶â„¢Ã£ Å'㠁“㠁 ¼Ã£â€šÅ'㠁 ªÃ£ â€žÃ£â€šË†Ã£ â€ Ã£  «Omoidasu haru no hi æ€ Ã£ â€žÃ¥â€¡ ºÃ£ â„¢ æ˜ ¥Ã£  ®Ã¦â€" ¥Hitoribocchi no yoru ä ¸â‚¬Ã¤ º ºÃ£  ¼Ã£  £Ã£  ¡Ã£  ®Ã¥ ¤Å" Ue o mute aurkou ä ¸Å Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¥ â€˜Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¦Ã¦ ­ ©Ã£ â€œÃ£ â€ Nijinda hoshi o kazoete 㠁 «Ã£ ËœÃ£â€šâ€œÃ£   Ã¦ËœÅ¸Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¦â€¢ °Ã£ Ë†Ã£  ¦Omoidasu natsu no hi æ€ Ã£ â€žÃ¥â€¡ ºÃ£ â„¢ Ã¥ ¤ Ã£  ®Ã¦â€" ¥Hitoribocchi no yoru ä ¸â‚¬Ã¤ º ºÃ£  ¼Ã£  £Ã£  ¡Ã£  ®Ã¥ ¤Å" Shiawase wa kumo no ue ni Ã¥ ¹ ¸Ã£ â€ºÃ£  ¯ é› ²Ã£  ®Ã¤ ¸Å Ã£  «Shiawase wa sora no ue ni Ã¥ ¹ ¸Ã£ â€ºÃ£  ¯ ç © ºÃ£  ®Ã¤ ¸Å Ã£  « Ue o muite arukou ä ¸Å Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¥ â€˜Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¦Ã¦ ­ ©Ã£ â€œÃ£ â€ Namida ga koborenai youni æ ¶â„¢Ã£ Å'㠁“㠁 ¼Ã£â€šÅ'㠁 ªÃ£ â€žÃ£â€šË†Ã£ â€ Ã£  «Nakinagara aruku æ ³ £Ã£  Ã£  ªÃ£ Å'ら æ ­ ©Ã£  Hitoribocchi no yoru ä ¸â‚¬Ã¤ º ºÃ£  ¼Ã£  £Ã£  ¡Ã£  ®Ã¥ ¤Å"(Whistling) Omoidasu aki no hi æ€ Ã£ â€žÃ¥â€¡ ºÃ£ â„¢ ç §â€¹Ã£  ®Ã¦â€" ¥Hitoribocchi no yoru ä ¸â‚¬Ã¤ º ºÃ£  ¼Ã£  £Ã£  ¡Ã£  ®Ã¥ ¤Å" Kanashimi wa hoshi no kage ni æ‚ ²Ã£ â€"㠁 ¿Ã£  ¯Ã¦ËœÅ¸Ã£  ®Ã¥ ½ ±Ã£  «Kanashimi wa tsuki no kage ni æ‚ ²Ã£ â€"㠁 ¿Ã£  ¯Ã¦Å"ˆã  ®Ã¥ ½ ±Ã£  « Ue o muite arukou ä ¸Å Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¥ â€˜Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¦Ã¦ ­ ©Ã£ â€œÃ£ â€ Namida ga koborenai youni æ ¶â„¢Ã£ Å'㠁“㠁 ¼Ã£â€šÅ'㠁 ªÃ£ â€žÃ£â€šË†Ã£ â€ Ã£  «Nakinagara aruku æ ³ £Ã£  Ã£  ªÃ£ Å'ら æ ­ ©Ã£  Hitoribocchi no yoru ä ¸â‚¬Ã¤ º ºÃ£  ¼Ã£  £Ã£  ¡Ã£  ®Ã¥ ¤Å"(Whistling) Here is the translation of the Japanese lyrics. The English version of Sukiyaki recorded by A Taste of Honey doesnt have a literal translation. English Version I look up when I walkSo that the tears wont fallRemembering those spring daysBut I am all alone tonight I look up when I walkCounting the stars with tearful eyesRemembering those summer daysBut I am all alone tonight Happiness lies beyond the cloudsHappiness lies above the sky I look up when I walkSo that the tears wont fallThough the tears well up as I walkFor tonight I am all alone(Whistling) Remembering those autumn daysBut I am all alone tonight Sadness lies in the shadow of the starsSadness lurks in the shadow of the moon I look up as I walkSo that the tears wont fallThough the tears well up as I walkFor tonight I am all alone(Whistling) Grammar Notes Muite is te-form of the verb muku (to face). The te-form is used to connect two or more verbs. In this sentence, the verbs muku and aruku are connected.Arukou is volitional form of the verb, aruku (to walk).Koborenai is the negative form of the verb, koboreru (to fall, to drop) ~ youni. ~ youni means, in order that ~. Nai youni means, in order not to ~. Here are some examples.Gakkou ni okurenai youni hayaku okiru. Ã¥ ­ ¦Ã¦   ¡Ã£  «Ã© â€¦Ã£â€šÅ'㠁 ªÃ£ â€žÃ£â€šË†Ã£ â€ Ã£  «Ã¦â€" ©Ã£  Ã¨ µ ·Ã£  Ã£â€šâ€¹Ã£â‚¬â€š- I get up early so that Im not late for school.Kaze o hikanai youni ki o tsuketeiru. 㠁‹ã Å"を㠁 ²Ã£ â€¹Ã£  ªÃ£ â€žÃ£â€šË†Ã£ â€ Ã£  «Ã¦ °â€"を㠁 ¤Ã£ â€˜Ã£  ¦Ã£ â€žÃ£â€šâ€¹Ã£â‚¬â€š- Im taking care of myself so that I dont catch a cold.Nijinda is informal perfective ending for the verb, nijimu (to blot, to blur). It modifies the noun, hoshi (star). It means with teary eyes the stars looked blurry.~ nagara of nakinagara  indicates that two actions are taking place simultaneously. Here are some examples.Terebi o minagara, asagohan o taberu. ãÆ'†ãÆ' ¬Ã£Æ'“ã‚’è ¦â€¹Ã£  ªÃ£ Å'ら〠Ã¦Å" Ã£ â€Ã£  ¯Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£â€šâ€™Ã© £Å¸Ã£  ¹Ã£â€šâ€¹Ã£â‚¬â€š- I watch television while I eat breakfast.Ongaku o kikinagara, benkyou suru. éŸ ³Ã¦ ¥ ½Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¨ Å¾Ã£  Ã£  ªÃ£ Å'ら〠Ã¥â€¹â€°Ã¥ ¼ ·Ã£ â„¢Ã£â€šâ€¹Ã£â‚¬â€š- I listen to music while I study.

Critical evaluation organization's Resources and Capabilities of Coursework

Critical evaluation organization's Resources and Capabilities of Starbucks in Thailand. (internal environment) - Coursework Example The company’s high return from its new investments, made in the booming market of Thailand, helps to capture the confidence and loyalty of its value chain partners and shareholders (Hitt, Ireland, and Hoskisson, 2010). Intangible Resources The company has gained a strong brand image in the global market, since the last forty years of its establishment, which has helped it to win active support of its business stakeholders in Thailand for its business projects. The quality product and valuable diversification have transformed the individuals of Thailand into loyal customers of the company. The efficient marketing strategy used by the company, for delivering new coffee deviations in the market, has helped it to gain popularity in the market of Thailand (Zhang and McCornac, 2013). Human Resources In Thailand, Starbucks Corporation uses wholly owned subsidiary model to expand its business. Roby (2011) found that human resource strategy of the company differs significantly with the change of entry mode or mode of business operation. As part of wholly owned subsidiary model in Thailand, 3 member core Store Development team works for the company to analyze the market potential of a particular store location and supervise the entire retail chain expansion strategy of the company (Getchee, 2013). Training and development of staff in different Starbucks stores in Thailand is being done in human resource departments of the team. Capability and skill level of staff in various retail stores of Starbucks is being enhanced through periodic training programs. Consideration of research works of Roby (2011) reveals the fact that Starbucks Corporation focuses on capturing local talents and individuals while expanding business in Asian countries like Malaysia, Thailand or China because culture of these countries diverges significantly from western countries. To mitigate the cultural gap, in Thailand, the coffee retailing giant recruits more of Thai people who can understand local culture and customs and fulfil customer requirements in efficient manner. Therefore it can be said that Starbucks Corporation uses well defined human resource strategy develop talented and responsive human capital who can help the company to achieve business success in Thailand. Starbucks Capabilities Strategies in terms of Value Chain The value chain is the chain that denotes the various activities and services conducted by a firm in order to serve a valuable service or product in the market. Figure 1: Value Chain Diagram (Source: Porter, 2008) Inbound Logistic The company’s branch in Thailand offers a close-association among its investors, suppliers and customers in the market. Cocoa seeds have few cultivation fields worldwide. Thus, the company considers its suppliers to be very important as they supply the required raw materials to them at right time and place (Sridharan, Caines and Patterson, 2008). Operations The company claims that its primary operation in the m arket is to serve the world’s best coffee to the individuals. The Quality Strategy of

Exploring the impact of e-commerce adoption on management strategy in Research Proposal

Exploring the impact of e-commerce adoption on management strategy in Gulf Cooporation Council Countries(GCC) Enterprises - Research Proposal Example This study traces the adoption of e-commerce in SMEs in Saudi Arabia and explores what impact this phenomenon is having on management strategy. A survey of 50 managers is conducted in order to identify what has changed in their strategic thinking over the last ten years, and this is analysed in the context of GCC development potential in the next ten years. Aim. The aim of this research is to explore the impact of e-commerce on management strategy in Saudi Arabia SMEs. In particular the project will attempt to find out how far managers are reacting to the changes in the business environment that e-commerce brings, and how far they are themselves trying to drive that change or even avoid that change. Objective of the Research. The research has three objectives : To trace how far e-commerce has developed in Saudi Arabia up to December 2011. To find out what Saudi SME managers think about e-commerce at the present time To identify what impact, if any, e-commerce is now having on Saudi S ME managers’ strategies for the future. Literature Review. ... Per capita income had been $17,000 in the mid 1980s but it had dropped to only $8,200 in 2003. (Looney 2004)The old rentier state dynamics are sorely tested when such a huge change occurs, and this one reason why considerable investment is now being made in the SME sector. The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) consists of 6 Arab countries: Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates and is well connected with other Arab countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. It also enjoys good relations with the United States, and plays a pivotal role in international diplomacy. Saudi Arabia is one of the more conservative members of this group, and takes a leading role in religious and cultural affairs due to its stewardship of key religious sites including Mecca Studies on the economy of Saudi Arabia have noted that there is an imbalance in the workforce, with a tendency for private businesses to recruit staff from outside the Kingdom, especially in h igh technology or specialized fields, leaving the domestic workforce ill-equipped to adapt to the changing workplace requirements. Education facilities and worker expectations are not yet well matched to the needs of the private sector. An interesting dilemma that is beginning to affect the economy is the growing number of well educated women who are now able and willing to take part in the development of the Saudi economy. E-commerce has been a part of international business for around two decades, but it has still not penetrated into all geographical areas of the world, and into all layers of society. People tend to think of the term â€Å"e-commerce† as meaning just the process of buying and selling goods online, but in fact it covers a far wider range of systems and processes than

Financial Management case study 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Financial Management case study 1 - Essay Example The inflation component preserves the purchasing power of money (Ross, Westerfield, & Jaffe, 2005). Based on economic reports, a 2.5% inflation rate over the next 5 years would sufficiently account for inflation. The second component of the interest rate is the credit risk. The interest rate offered to customers with poor credit worthiness is higher to compensate for the higher risk of lending to them (Weston, Besley, & Brigham, 1996). Based on the credit rate range established by the credit department, the best customer would be assigned a 1% credit rate. The last component of the interest rate is the profit component. This component is the profit from financing activities of XYZ. Since Shanghai Winters is one of the best customers, this component is not applicable to it. Notice that this interest rate is higher than the 8.0% going rate on a $70,000 five-year note receivable. The higher rate is to compensate for the credit risk of extending credit to such a customer. Also built inside the 8.0% is the profit component, which has not been charged to the best customers.

Super Bowl Ads Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Super Bowl Ads - Essay Example Budweiser over the past ten years it has proven its consistency in the rating of their advertisement. Their advertisement has always been among the top ten advertisements. In the year 2000 it recorded the highest rating of 8.93. Budweiser in its advertisement has used dogs and puppies that many Americans keep them as pet. The advertisement brings out humor of dogs and puppies that attracts people attention. The following advertisement scored the lowest in the recent concluded Super Bowl Ads rating; â€Å"Heroes Charge† by Ucool with a rating of 3.12, followed by â€Å"Tackle it† by Jublia with a rating of 3.22 and finally â€Å"save the data† by T-mobile with a rating of 3.50. â€Å"Heroes Charge† advertisement received the lowest rating than any other advertisement â€Å"Voter Breakdown† 2015, n.p). The past ten years advertisement from those companies did not make it to the top 10 list. This year they have tremendous improvement, but still they can do better to challenge Budweiser. The measures used rate advertisement by Super Bowl did have differences. For instance, the advertisement of â€Å"lost dog† by Budweiser did not have uniform performance on each measure. The first measure of state performance lost dog performed best in Rhode Island on a scale of one to ten it had a rating of 10 and lowest rating being Neville with 9.18 (â€Å"Dancing in the End Zone: Ads and Brands That Won Big for Super Bowl XLVIII† 2015, n.p.). From these statistics it can be noted that Budweiser brand is preferred in the state of Rhode Island; therefore Budweiser has highest sales there. Women are known to adore puppies and Budweiser wanted to draw their attention with a strategy that will also allure them to Budweiser’s products. Age range rating was different with old and young less than 21 years have the highest rating of 8.89 and 7.93 respectively. According to (Wright, 1977, 37), the advertisement creates humor to the young and old will reflect in the sa les. This strategy